Inhibition of IκB Kinase and IκB Phosphorylation by 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14 -Prostaglandin J 2 in Activated Murine Macrophages

Abstract

ABSTRACT Activation of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) induces the expression of gene products involved in host defense, among them type 2 nitric oxide synthase. Treatment of cells with 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 (15dPGJ 2 ) inhibited the LPS- and IFN-γ-dependent synthesis of NO, a process that was not antagonized by similar concentrations of prostaglandin J 2 , prostaglandin E 2 , or rosiglitazone, a peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand. Incubation of activated macrophages with 15dPGJ 2 inhibited the degradation of IκBα and IκBβ and increased their levels in the nuclei. NF-κB activity, as well as the transcription of NF-κB-dependent genes, such as those encoding type 2 nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, was impaired under these conditions. Analysis of the steps leading to IκB phosphorylation showed an inhibition of IκB kinase by 15dPGJ 2 in cells treated with LPS and IFN-γ, resulting in an impaired phosphorylation of IκBα, at least in the serine 32 residue required for targeting and degradation of this protein. Incubation of partially purified activated IκB kinase with 2 μM 15dPGJ 2 reduced by 83% the phosphorylation in serine 32 of IκBα, suggesting that this prostaglandin exerts direct inhibitory effects on the activity of the IκB kinase complex. These results show rapid actions of 15dPGJ 2 , independent of peroxisomal proliferator receptor γ activation, in macrophages challenged with low doses of LPS and IFN-γ.