The Fecal Viral Flora of California Sea Lions

Author:

Li Linlin12,Shan Tongling13,Wang Chunlin4,Côté Colette5,Kolman John5,Onions David5,Gulland Frances M. D.6,Delwart Eric12

Affiliation:

1. Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California

2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California

3. Zoonosis and Comparative Medicine Group, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

4. Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, California

5. BioReliance, Rockville, Maryland

6. The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California

Abstract

ABSTRACT California sea lions are one of the major marine mammal species along the Pacific coast of North America. Sea lions are susceptible to a wide variety of viruses, some of which can be transmitted to or from terrestrial mammals. Using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we surveyed the fecal virome in California sea lions of different ages and health statuses. Averages of 1.6 and 2.5 distinct mammalian viral species were shed by pups and juvenile sea lions, respectively. Previously undescribed mammalian viruses from four RNA virus families ( Astroviridae , Picornaviridae , Caliciviridae , and Reoviridae ) and one DNA virus family ( Parvoviridae ) were characterized. The first complete or partial genomes of sapeloviruses, sapoviruses, noroviruses, and bocavirus in marine mammals are reported. Astroviruses and bocaviruses showed the highest prevalence and abundance in California sea lion feces. The diversity of bacteriophages was higher in unweaned sea lion pups than in juveniles and animals in rehabilitation, where the phage community consisted largely of phages related to the family Microviridae . This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in marine mammals, highlights the high rate of enteric viral infections in these highly social carnivores, and may be used as a baseline viral survey for comparison with samples from California sea lions during unexplained disease outbreaks.

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Virology,Insect Science,Immunology,Microbiology

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