Mechanisms of Pyocyanin Toxicity and Genetic Determinants of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly isolated from polymicrobial infections, such as wound infections and chronic respiratory infections of persons with cystic fibrosis. Despite their coisolation, P. aeruginosa produces substances toxic to S. aureus , including pyocyanin, a blue-pigmented molecule that functions in P. aeruginosa virulence. Pyocyanin inhibits S. aureus respiration, forcing it to derive energy from fermentation and adopt a small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype. The mechanisms by which S. aureus sustains infection in the presence of pyocyanin are not clear. We sought to clarify the mechanisms of pyocyanin toxicity in S. aureus as well as identify the staphylococcal factors involved in its resistance to pyocyanin toxicity. Nonrespiring S. aureus SCVs are inhibited by pyocyanin through pyocyanin-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, indicating that pyocyanin toxicity is mediated through respiratory inhibition and ROS generation. Selection on pyocyanin yielded a menadione auxotrophic SCV capable of growth on high concentrations of pyocyanin. Genome sequencing of this isolate identified mutations in four genes, including saeS , menD , NWMN_0006, and qsrR . QsrR is a quinone-sensing repressor of quinone detoxification genes. Inactivation of qsrR resulted in significant pyocyanin resistance, and additional pyocyanin resistance was achieved through combined inactivation of qsrR and menadione biosynthesis. Pyocyanin-resistant S. aureus has an enhanced capability to inactivate pyocyanin, suggesting QsrR-regulated gene products may degrade pyocyanin to alleviate toxicity. These findings demonstrate pyocyanin-mediated ROS generation as an additional mechanism of pyocyanin toxicity and define QsrR as a key mediator of pyocyanin resistance in S. aureus . IMPORTANCE Many bacterial infections occur in the presence of other microbes, where interactions between different microbes and the host impact disease. In patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic lung infection with multiple microbes results in the most severe disease manifestations. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are prevalent cystic fibrosis pathogens, and infection with both is associated with worse outcomes. These organisms have evolved mechanisms of competing with one another. For example, P. aeruginosa produces pyocyanin, which inhibits S. aureus growth. Our research has identified how pyocyanin inhibits S. aureus growth and how S. aureus can adapt to survive in the presence of pyocyanin. Understanding how S. aureus sustains infection in the presence of P. aeruginosa may identify means of disrupting these microbial communities.