Isolation and initial characterization of a series of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates selected for hydroxyurea resistance by a stepwise procedure

Abstract

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that are dependent on eukaryotic host cells for ribonucleoside triphosphates but not deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. Ribonucleotide reductase is the only enzyme known to catalyze the direct conversion of a ribonucleotide to a deoxyribonucleotide. Hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase by inactivating the tyrosine free radical present in the small subunit of the enzyme. In this report, we show that Chlamydia trachomatis growth is inhibited by hydroxyurea in both wild-type mouse L cells and hydroxyurea-resistant mouse L cells. Hydroxyurea was used as a selective agent in culture to isolate, by a stepwise procedure, a series of C. trachomatis isolates with increasing levels of resistance to the cytotoxic effects of the drug. One of the drug-resistant C. trachomatis isolates (L2HR-10.0) was studied in more detail. L2HR-10.0 retained its drug resistance phenotype even after passage in the absence of hydroxyurea for 10 growth cycles. In addition, L2HR-10.0 was cross resistant to guanazole, another inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Results obtained from hydroxyurea inhibition studies using various host cell-parasite combinations indicated that inhibition of host cell and C. trachomatis DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea can occur but need not occur simultaneously. Crude extract prepared from highly purified C. trachomatis reticulate bodies was capable of reducing CDP to dCDP. The CDP reductase activity was not inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to the large and small subunits of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase, suggesting that the activity is chlamydia specific. The CDP reductase activity was inhibited by hydroxyurea. Crude extract prepared from drug-resistant L2HR-10.0 reticulate bodies contained an elevation in ribonucleotide reductase activity. In total, our results indicate that C. trachomatis obtains the precursors for DNA synthesis as ribonucleotides with subsequent conversion to deoxyribonucleotides catalyzed by a chlamydia-specific ribonucleotide reductase.