1. Westphalian Eurocentrism in International Relations Theory
2. Robert J. Miller,Native America Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny(Westport, Conn.:Praeger,2006),1,9,11,24,40; “Johnson v. M'Intosh,” 8 Wheat. 543 (1823), available athttp://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/21/543/case.html.
3. Patricia Seed,American Pentimento: The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches(Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2001),25–26;Rupert Costo,Indian Treaties: Two Centuries of Dishonor(San Francisco:Indian Historian Press,1977),22.
4. Chief Menominee stated that “the President does not know the truth. He, like me, has been imposed upon. He does not know that your treaty is a lie, and that I never signed it. He does not know that you made my young chiefs drunk and got their consent and pretended to get mine. He does not know that I have refused to sell my lands and still refuse. He would not by force drive me from my home, the graves of my tribe, and my children who have gone to the Great Spirit, nor allow you to tell me your braves will take me, tied like a dog, if he knew the truth. My brothers, the President is just, but he listens to the words of the young chiefs who have lied; and when he knows the truth he will leave me to my own. I have not sold my lands. I will not sell them. I have not signed any treaty, and will not sign any. I am not going to leave my lands, and I don't want to hear anything more about it.”Irving McGee, ed.The Trail of Death: Letters of Benjamin Marie Petit(Indianapolis:Indiana Historical Society,1941),81n2.
5. For missionary protests of gross corruption and dishonesty by U.S. negotiators, see Cyrus Kingsbury to Jeremiah Evarts, October 16, 1830, file 6, no. 22, Cyrus Kingsbury Collection, Western History Collection, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. For tactics of land speculators, seeFlorette Henri,The Southern Indians and Benjamin Hawkins, 1796–1818(Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1986),64. For treaties held in Washington, D.C., behind “closed doors,” see “Treaty of 1825,”Choctaw Nation,Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, comp. and ed.Charles J. Kappler(Washington, D.C.:Government Printing Office,1904), available athttp://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0211.htm.