Gender – pomiędzy sprawczością a determinizmem. Analiza w perspektywach teoretycznych Michela Foucaulta, Pierre’a Bourdieu, Ervinga Goffmana i Anthony’ego Giddensa

Abstract

The aim of the article is to present diverse approaches to gender derived from the sociological theories of Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, Erving Goffman, and Anthony Giddens. This concepts describe the tension between power and freedom in different ways, thus providing theoretical tools for describing the relationship between individual gender identity and the determining or limiting social order. The theoretical perspectives on gender are discussed as an apparatus of power-knowledge, embodied practice, role in the theater of everyday life, and an identity project. A discussion is proposed between these theoretical positions and their organization on an axis, the extremes of which are described as individual agency vs the determinism of social structure.