Kierunki akulturacji w warunkach modernizacji społeczeństwa Królestwa Polskiego pod presją rusyfikacyjną

Abstract

Modernization is a very difficult concept to define objectively. Since the 19th century, it has been understood primarily as the development of industry and technology, which involves urbanization and improvement of the material conditions of life. This slogan took on a political meaning. It has undoubtedly become a permanent part of everyday culture as a positive feature of ongoing - and more often planned - changes. The article is an attempt to capture modernization in Russian policy in the Kingdom of Poland. The author concludes, firstly, that Russian policy was imperial in nature, secondly, that the society of the Kingdom perceived the empire as backward and, somewhat against the pressure of Russification, created its own paths of modernization, which undoubtedly showed the vitality and effectiveness of Polish culture, and ultimately thwarted Russian plans of denationalization.