Indigenous Civil Society in the Twenty-First Century

Abstract

Abstract This chapter summarizes the key findings and looks to the future. It emphasizes the unique characteristics of Indigenous civil society and defines multi-scalar positioning, which Indigenous CSOs have pioneered. This involves participation from inside and outside of the system, service provision with a political dimension, utilizing participatory mechanisms, shaping local politics, collaborating with non-Indigenous sectors by aligning mutual demands, and navigating the complexities of cyberspace. Strategic adaptability hinges on mobilizing resources, leveraging political opportunities, and responding to threats to citizenship and social rights. Successful Indigenous groups demonstrate a nuanced understanding of when and how to adjust tactics, engaging in sustained efforts beyond protest cycles. The chapter stresses that social media and ICTs support CSO activities to some extent, but also pose challenges. Despite using ICTs, Indigenous CSOs differ from the "networked" movements identified in recent literature. Their strength lies in traditional features such as strong organizations, community decision-making, experienced leadership, in-person interaction, and ethnic identity. Indigenous CSOs challenge the conventional understanding of 21st-century collective action and offer valuable insights into effective political engagement. The chapter concludes that many challenges remain, but an ongoing, sustained multi-scalar positioning strategy will likely ensure the long-term integration of Indigenous demands into the political system.