How deforestation and forest use affect tree diversity in a conifer forest from central Mexico

Abstract

Aim of study: To assess the association of deforestation and forest use with tree diversity and dominance of pine species. Area of study: La Malinche National Park, central Mexico. Material and methods: Three forest stands were selected on each of four slopes in La Malinche National Park, in which the percent forest cover was determined using a concave spherical densitometer. Additionally, we estimated logging, firewood, and ocoteo as indirect measures of forest use. In each forest stand, we set five 0.1-ha circular plots and we recorded tree species, diameter at breast height, and height of all individuals ≥1.5 m. We estimated diversity using Hill numbers (qD). We identified dominant species from rank-abundance curves, and explored the dissimilarity between forest stands for the three q orders. Using generalized linear mixed-effects models, we evaluated the relationships of deforestation and forest use with species diversity and pine dominance, and studied the effect of pine dominance on the abundance of other tree species through generalized linear models. Main results: We recorded a total of 16 tree species; a pine (Pinus montezumae) was the dominant species. The diversity of tree species was not associated with forest use or deforestation, but deforestation increased Pinus dominance, with a strong slope effect. Research highlights: Regulation and control of forest use should be prioritized to avoid further deforestation and the transformation of species-diverse forests into monospecific forests, further increasing the dominance of P. montezumae. We also suggest reforesting with native species and those scarcely represented to increase forest cover and maintain tree diversity.