Characteristics of Colon-Derived Uremic Solutes

Abstract

Background and objectivesColon microbial metabolism produces solutes that are normally excreted in the urine and accumulate in the plasma when the kidneys fail. This study sought to further identify and characterize human colon-derived uremic solutes.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsColon-derived solutes normally excreted in the urine were identified by comparing urine from controls (n=17) and patients with total colectomies (n=12), using an established metabolomic platform. Colon-derived solutes that accumulate in kidney failure were then identified by comparing the plasma of the control patients with that of patients on dialysis (n=14).ResultsNinety-one urinary solutes were classified as colon-derived on the basis of the finding of a urine excretion rate at least four-fold higher in control patients than in patients with total colectomies. Forty-six were solutes with known chemical structure, 35 of which had not previously been identified as colon-derived. Sixty of the colon-derived solutes accumulated in the plasma of patients with ESKD to a degree greater than urea and were therefore classified as uremic. The estimated urinary clearance for 27 out of the 32 colon-derived solutes for which clearance could be calculated exceeded that of creatinine, consistent with tubular secretion. Sulfatase treatment revealed that 42 out of the 91 colon-derived solutes detected were likely conjugates.ConclusionsMetabolomic analysis identified numerous colon-derived solutes that are normally excreted in human urine. Clearance by tubular secretion limits plasma levels of many colon-derived solutes.