1. Abu-Lughod, JL (1989) Before European Hegemony. The World System A.D. 1250-1350, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Boxer, CR (1968) Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
3. VIII Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas I. the old colonial system 1688–1850
4. Campbell, G. (2005) An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Carney, JA (2001) Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.