Sex hormone-dependent and -independent regulation of serum BAFF and TNF in cohorts of transgender and cisgender men and women

Author:

Tsatsanis Christos123ORCID,Elenkov Angel24,Leijonhufvud Irene4,Vaporidi Katerina2,Tivesten Åsa5,Giwercman Aleksander24

Affiliation:

1. Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece

2. Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

3. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece

4. Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

5. Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

Abstract

Background The risk of inflammatory diseases is sex-dependent, but it remains unknown whether this is due to the impact of sex hormones or sex chromosomes. Transgender individuals represent a unique cohort for studying the relative influence of endocrine and chromosomal factors. Here we compared serum levels of B-cell activating-factor (BAFF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in transgender men (TM), transgender women (TW), cisgender women (CW) and cisgender men (CM). Methods BAFF and TNF were measured in the serum of 26 CW, 30 CM, 27 TM and 16 TW individuals. To determine the responsiveness of immune cells, TNF was measured in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated peripheral leukocytes. Results BAFF was higher in CF (998 pg/mL) and TW (973 pg/mL) compared to CM (551 pg/mL) (P < 0.0001) and TM (726 pg/mL) (P < 0.0001). No difference in BAFF levels was shown between subjects grouped according to the number of X chromosomes. TNF was higher in CM (174 pg/mL) than TW (2.3 pg/mL) (P = 0.027) and TM (27.4 pg/mL) (P = 0.028). LPS-induced TNF was higher in CM (2524 pg/mL) and TM (2078 pg/mL) than in CW (1332 pg/mL) (both P < 0.0001) and TW (1602 pg/mL) (both P = 0.009). Discussion Sex hormones and sex chromosomes have different impacts on cytokines involved in the sex-dependent inflammatory response. The concentration of BAFF and LPS-stimulated TNF secretion depended on sex hormone levels, whereas basal TNF was regulated by both sex hormone-dependent and -independent factors.

Publisher

Bioscientifica

Subject

Endocrinology,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism,Internal Medicine

Reference28 articles.

1. Sex differences in immune responses;Klein,2016

2. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease;Ouchi,2011

3. Overexpression of the cytokine BAFF and autoimmunity risk;Steri,2017

4. Testosterone is an endogenous regulator of BAFF and splenic B cell number;Wilhelmson,2018

5. BAFF expression is modulated by female hormones in human immune cells;Drehmer,2016

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