The electromagnetic field’s quantum nature and spin

Abstract

The interaction of the electron (charge) with the electromagnetic field is investigated using the minimum coupling prescription, in which the electron’s spin appears in the Dirac and Pauli–Schrödinger equations. However, we analyze the use of this approach in Maxwell’s equations and the repercussions here. The application of this prescription resulted in novel electrodynamics associated with spin. The complex Maxwell’s equations are discovered to describe a massless electromagnetic field governed by the Dirac equation interacting with a particle with a double charge whose wavefunction is the electromagnetic field’s energy density. The conservation equation for electromagnetic field helicity (spin) is obtained directly from the new electrodynamics. We demonstrated that the quantization of the electromagnetic field (Maxwell’s equations) interacting with a photon field results in the electromagnetic field’s quantization. The energy density of the electromagnetic field is shown to fulfill a massless Dirac equation. This indicates the material nature of the electromagnetic field (photon). As a result, the electromagnetic spin charge and current densities are determined. We obtained the Josephson energy–current relationship from the spin current produced by an electromagnetic field. A quantum nonlinear Ohm’s law is developed. Quantum power and force associated with the quantum nature of the electromagnetic field are proposed.