Self-trapped excitons in diamond: A Δ-SCF approach

Abstract

This paper reports the first variationally based predictions of the lowest excited state in diamond (Γ25′ → Γ15) in the unrelaxed (optical) and structurally relaxed (thermal) configurations, from direct Δ-self-consistent-field (SCF) calculations based on B3LYP, PBE0, HSE06, and GGA functionals. For the B3LYP functional, which has the best overall performance, the energy of the optical state, 7.27 eV, is within the observed range of (7.2–7.4) eV and is predicted to be insulating, with indirect bandgaps of (5.6–5.8) eV. Mulliken analyses of the excited state wavefunction indicate extensive redistributions of charge and spin resulting in a strongly excitonic state with a central charge of −0.8ǀeǀ surrounded by charges of +0.12ǀeǀ at the four nearest neighbor sites. The thermally relaxed state is predicted to be similarly excitonic, with comparable bandgaps and atomic charges. Calculations of the ground and excited state relaxations lead to a Stokes shift of 0.47 eV and predicted Γ-point luminescence energy of 6.89 eV. Assuming a similar shift at the band edge (X1), an estimate of 5.29 eV is predicted for the luminescence energy, which compares with the observed value of 5.27 eV. Excited state vibrational spectra show marked differences from the ground state, with the introduction of an infrared peak at 1150 cm−1 and a modest shift of 2 cm−1 in the TO(X) Raman mode at 1340 cm−1. Similar calculations of the lowest energy bi- and triexcitons predict these to be bound states in both optical and thermal configurations and plausible precursors to exciton condensation. Estimates of bi- and triexciton luminescence energies predict red shifts with respect to the single exciton line, which are compared to the recently reported values.