High-temperature electrical conductivity in piezoelectric lithium niobate

Author:

Lucas Killian12,Bouchy Sévan12ORCID,Bélanger Pierre12ORCID,Zednik Ricardo J.12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Piezoelectricity and Ultrasonics Technologies and Materials Laboratory at ÉTS (PULÉTS), Montreal H3C 1K3, Canada

2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS), Université du Québec, Montreal H3C 1K3, Canada

Abstract

Lithium niobate is a promising candidate for use in high-temperature piezoelectric devices due to its high Curie temperature ([Formula: see text]1483 K) and strong piezoelectric properties. However, the piezoelectric behavior has, in practice, been found to degrade at various temperatures as low as 573 K, with no satisfactory explanation available in the literature. We, therefore, studied the electrical conductivity of congruent lithium niobate single crystals in the temperature range of 293–1273 K with an 500 mV excitation at frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 MHz. An analytical model that generalizes the universal dielectric relaxation law with the Arrhenius equation was found to describe the experimental temperature and frequency dependence and helped discriminate between conduction mechanisms. Electronic conduction was found to dominate at low temperatures, leading to low overall electrical conductivity. However, at high temperatures, the overall electrical conductivity increases significantly due to ionic conduction, primarily with lithium ions (Li+) as charge carriers. This increase in electrical conductivity can, therefore, cause an internal short in the lithium niobate crystal, thereby reducing observable piezoelectricity. Interestingly, the temperature above which ionic conductivity dominates depends greatly on the excitation frequency: at a sufficiently high frequency, lithium niobate does not exhibit appreciable ionic conductivity at high temperature, helping explain the conflicting observations reported in the literature. These findings enable an appropriate implementation of lithium niobate to realize previously elusive high-temperature piezoelectric applications.

Funder

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

École de technologie supérieure

Publisher

AIP Publishing

Subject

General Physics and Astronomy

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