Quasi-deterministic localization of Er emitters in thin film TiO2 through submicron-scale crystalline phase control

Abstract

With their shielded 4f orbitals, rare-earth ions (REIs) offer optical and electron spin transitions with good coherence properties even when embedded in a host crystal matrix, highlighting their utility as promising quantum emitters and memories for quantum information processing. Among REIs, trivalent erbium (Er3+) uniquely has an optical transition in the telecom C-band, ideal for transmission over optical fibers, making it well suited for applications in quantum communication. The deployment of Er3+ emitters into a thin film TiO2 platform has been a promising step toward scalable integration; however, like many solid-state systems, the deterministic spatial placement of quantum emitters remains an open challenge. We investigate laser annealing as a means to locally tune the optical resonance of Er3+ emitters in TiO2 thin films on Si. Using both nanoscale x-ray diffraction measurements and cryogenic photoluminescence spectroscopy, we show that tightly focused below-gap laser annealing can induce anatase to rutile phase transitions in a nearly diffraction-limited area of the films and improve local crystallinity through grain growth. As a percentage of Er:TiO2 is converted to rutile, the Er3+ optical transition blueshifts by 13 nm. We explore the effects of changing laser annealing time and show that the amount of optically active Er:rutile increases linearly with laser power. We additionally demonstrate local phase conversion on microfabricated Si structures, which holds significance for quantum photonics.