Polarization-insensitive and polarization-controlled dual-band third-harmonic generation in silicon metasurfaces driven by quasi-bound states in the continuum

Abstract

High-refractive-index nanostructures offer versatile opportunities for nonlinear optical effects, due to their ability to strongly confine field into a subwavelength scale. Herein, we propose a rhomboidal amorphous silicon metasurface to realize high-efficiency dual-band third-harmonic generation (THG), based on the supported dual quasi-bound states in the continuum (Q-BICs). Owing to the very large field confinement inside the metasurface empowered by Q-BICs, the THG efficiency up to 3.74 × 10−3 with the peak pump intensity of 30 MW/cm2 is observed. Meanwhile, thanks to the very high quality factor of Q-BICs, the ultra-narrow nonlinear process with the full width at half maximum less than 1 nm is also witnessed, suggesting the good monochromaticity. Interestingly, the dual-band THG is verified to be polarization-dependent and polarization-insensitive, respectively. The finite element method simulations exhibit that the polarization-dependent THG is attributed to the Q-BIC driven by the electric quadrupole characterized by a pair of anti-parallel electric dipoles along the x axis, which are only excited by the x-linearly polarized light. On the contrary, the polarization-insensitive THG is enabled by another Q-BIC governed by the magnetic dipole resonance with circular electric field vectors, which can be excited by any linearly polarized light. The polarization-controlled and polarization-independent dual-band THG enabled by the physics of Q-BICs would open possibilities for designing switchable nonlinear light sources. The proposed dual Q-BICs scheme undoubtedly can serve as a universal recipe for other nonlinear effects, including sum-frequency generation, difference-frequency generation, and high-order harmonics.