A hybrid solid electrolyte for high-energy solid-state sodium metal batteries

Abstract

Exploring solid electrolytes with promising electrical properties and desirable compatibility toward electrodes for safe and high-energy sodium metal batteries remains a challenge. In this work, these issues are addressed via an in situ hybrid strategy, viz., highly conductive and thermally stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide is immobilized in nanoscale silica skeletons to form ionogel via a non-hydrolytic sol-gel route, followed by hybridizing with polymeric poly(ethylene oxide) and inorganic conductor Na3Zr2Si2PO12. Such hybrid design yields the required solid electrolyte, which shows not only a stable electrochemical stability window of 5.4 V vs Na/Na+ but also an extremely high ionic conductivity of 1.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C, which is demonstrated with the interacted and monolithic structure of the electrolyte by SEM, XRD, thermogravimetric (TG), and XPS. Moreover, the capabilities of suppressing sodium metal dendrite growth and enabling high-voltage cathode Mg-doped P2-type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 are verified. This work demonstrates the potential to explore the required solid electrolytes by hybridizing an in situ ionogel, a polymer, and an inorganic conductor for safe and high-energy solid-state sodium metal batteries.