A sensitivity-enhanced sunlight-driven quantum magnetometer via level anti-crossing

Abstract

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as a robust room-temperature solid-state platform for weak magnetic field detection. Several NV-based magnetometers have been proposed in the past decades, but they still suffer from either low sensitivity or high power consumption. This is a challenge for sensors deployed in remote locations on Earth or in space that are not connected to the power grid. Although sunlight-driven quantum magnetometry, which does not rely on conventional energy sources, has been proposed as a possible solution, its sensitivity remains a limitation. Here, we present an impressive improvement in the sensitivity of the sunlight-driven NV-diamond quantum magnetometer. A crucial aspect of our approach involves leveraging the ground-state level anti-crossing properties of the NV centers, coupled with magnetic flux concentrators. This integration enables us to achieve a magnetic-field sensitivity of 26 pT/Hz in a laboratory environment and 49 pT/Hz when the magnetometer operates outdoors under sunlight. We also illustrate the promising potential of further improving the sensitivity to the subpicotesla level by using cutting-edge technologies. Furthermore, we reveal the capability of this quantum magnetometer as a receiver of extremely low-frequency magnetic signals and pave the way for communication applications. These advancements represent a significant leap toward attaining high-sensitivity and energy-efficient magnetic field sensing and expanding the range of possible applications for these environmentally sustainable quantum technologies.