Direct sampling of femtosecond electric-field waveforms from an optical parametric oscillator

Author:

Kempf Hannes1ORCID,Muraviev Andrey2,Breuning Felix1ORCID,Schunemann Peter G.3ORCID,Tenne Ron1ORCID,Leitenstorfer Alfred1ORCID,Vodopyanov Konstantin2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz 1 , D-78457 Konstanz, Germany

2. CREOL, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida 2 , Orlando, Florida 32816, USA

3. BAE Systems Inc., MER15-1813 3 , P.O. Box 868, Nashua, New Hampshire 03061-0868, USA

Abstract

Detecting the electric-field waveform of an optical pulse from the terahertz to the visible spectral domain provides a complete characterization of the average field waveform and holds great potential for quantum optics, time-domain (including frequency-comb) spectroscopy, high-harmonic generation, and attosecond science, to name a few. The field-resolved measurements can be performed using electro-optic sampling, where a laser pulse is characterized through an interaction with another pulse of a much shorter duration. The measured pulse train must consist of identical pulses, including their equal carrier-envelope phase (CEP). Due to the limited coverage of broadband laser gain media, creating CEP-stable pulse trains in the mid-infrared typically requires nonlinear frequency conversion, such as difference frequency generation, optical parametric amplification, or optical rectification. These techniques operate in a single-pass geometry, often limiting efficiency. In this work, we demonstrate field-resolved analysis of the pulses generated in a resonant system, an optical parametric oscillator (OPO). Due to the inherent feedback, this device exhibits a relatively high conversion efficiency at a given level of input power. By electro-optic sampling, we prove that a subharmonic OPO pumped with CEP-stable few-cycle fiber-laser pulses generates a CEP-stable mid-infrared output. The full amplitude and phase information renders dispersion control straightforward. We also confirm the existence of an exotic “flipping” state of the OPO directly in the time domain, where the electric field of consecutive pulses has the opposite sign.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung

Minerva Foundation

Publisher

AIP Publishing

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