Observation of the local electromechanical response in 2–2 ceramic–ceramic lead-free ferroelectric composites via digital image correlation

Author:

Martin Alexander12ORCID,Maier Juliana G.2ORCID,Kakimoto Ken-ichi1ORCID,Kamlah Marc3ORCID,Webber Kyle G.2ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology 1 , Nagoya, Japan

2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) 2 , Erlangen, Germany

3. Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 3 , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany

Abstract

This study investigates bilayers of 0.94(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (NBT–6BT) and 0.90(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.04(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (NBT–6BT–4KNN) using digital image correlation, enabling the separate analysis of strain response in each layer. The bilayers were electrically connected without mechanical connection (polarization coupled) as well as mechanically and electrically connected (polarization and strain coupled) to determine the role of interlayer mechanical interactions. The large signal longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients, d33∗ and d31∗, were characterized for both cases. In the polarization coupled composite, d33∗ decreased linearly from 410 to 260 pm/V with increasing vol. % NBT–6BT. In contrast, in the polarization and strain coupled case, d33∗ and d31∗ were maximum at 50 vol. % NBT–6BT with values of 440 and −130 pm/V, respectively, highlighting the critical role of strain interactions in ceramic–ceramic composites. The stress-induced phase transformation through strain coupling significantly impacted the electromechanical response, with improved strain values observed in the NBT–6BT–4KNN layer. Furthermore, this study highlights the variability in the significance of strain coupling within bilayer systems as a function of the altering volume fraction of their constituent components.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Nagoya Institute of Technology

Publisher

AIP Publishing

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