A versatile photon counting system with active afterpulse suppression for free-running negative-feedback avalanche diodes

Abstract

InGaAs/InP-based negative-feedback avalanche diodes (NFADs) have been demonstrated to be an excellent option for photon detection at telecom wavelengths in quantum communication applications, where photon arrival times are random. However, it is well-known that the operation of NFADs at low temperatures (193 K or below) is crucial to minimize the effects of afterpulsing and high dark count rates (DCRs). In this work, we present a new versatile readout electronics system with active afterpulse suppression that also offers flexible cooling options. Through the characterization of two NFAD detectors from Princeton Lightwave, Inc. and a thorough evaluation of our electronics’ performance under various operating conditions, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this readout system in improving the performance of NFAD-based photon detectors. At the optimal bias for NFADs, our electronics were able to significantly reduce the afterpulsing probability by a factor of 200 for dead times ranging from 5 to 20 µs following each detection event. This helps to keep the total DCRs at around 100 counts per second or less for a 20 µs hold-off time. The versatility of our detection system makes NFADs a cost-effective alternative to more complex detectors, such as superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, in the research of long-distance quantum communications and low-noise single photon detectors at telecommunication wavelengths.