Droplet dispersion characteristics during human walking in a queue

Abstract

The dispersion of respiratory droplets is strongly influenced by the complex airflow induced by human activities, such as walking in a queue. Understanding the relationship between local airflow disturbances during queue walking and droplet dispersion is crucial. This study investigates the effects of following distance (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m), walking speed (0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 m/s), and droplet diameter (1, 10, 50, 80, and 120 μm) on droplet dispersion. The findings reveal that the interaction between wake vortex and forward airflow provides a foundation for cross-infection among individuals. An increased following distance leads to an initial rise and subsequent decrease in the concentration in the breathing zone of the susceptible individual. The social distances of 1.0 and 1.5 m are insufficient to mitigate the risk of cross-infection, warranting a recommended following distance of at least two meters. The effect of walking speed on droplet dispersion varies depending on the scenario. In cases involving standing and walking cycles, the infection risk of the susceptible individual gradually increases with higher walking speeds. Conversely, when individuals walk continuously in a queue, the infection risk of the susceptible individual decreases with increased walking speed. Moreover, intermediate-sized droplets play a critical role in the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases and demand heightened attention. This study expounds the intricate airflow dynamics during queue walking and emphasizes the significance of following distance, walking speed, and droplet diameter in minimizing the risk of cross-infection.