Investigation of strong isothermal stratification effects on multi-mode compressible Rayleigh–Taylor instability

Abstract

Rayleigh–Taylor instability, RTI, occurs at the interface separating two fluids subjected to acceleration when the density gradient and the acceleration are in opposite directions. Previous scientific research primarily considered RTI under the incompressible assumption, which may not be valid in many high-energy-density engineering applications and astrophysical phenomena. In this study, the compressibility effects of the background isothermal stratification strength on multi-mode two-dimensional RTI are explored using fully compressible multi-species direct numerical simulations. Cases under three different isothermal Mach numbers – Ma=0.15,  0.3,  and  0.45 – are investigated to explore weakly, moderately, and strongly stratified compressible RTI, respectively, at an Atwood number of 0.04. Unlike incompressible RTI, an increase in the flow compressibility through the strength of the background stratification can suppress the RTI growth and can lead to a termination of the RTI mixing layer growth with a highly molecularly mixed state. Our findings suggest that even at the chosen relatively low Atwood number, the variable-density effects can be significantly enhanced due to an increase in the background stratification for the compressible RTI as different spatial profiles become noticeably asymmetric across the mixing layer for the strongly stratified case. In addition, this study compares the chaotic behavior of the cases by studying the transport of the turbulent kinetic energy as well as the vortex dynamics. The Reynolds number dependence of the results is also examined with three different Reynolds numbers, and the findings for the large-scale mixing and flow quantities of interest are shown to be universal in the range of the Reynolds numbers studied.