Evaluation of lithium as a tritium storage medium for betavoltaics

Abstract

Lithium foils were demonstrated to absorb surrogate protium for tritium-powered betavoltaics. 20 μm thick lithium foils were hole-punched from a ribbon of electrodeposited lithium on copper foil. The lithium foils were loaded with hydrogen in a custom Sievert apparatus where the pressure drop showed full hydriding at a hydrogen pressure of 2 bar and at all loading temperatures above the lithium melting point at 190, 200, 225, 250, and 300. Lithium hydride formation was confirmed with Raman spectroscopy after hydrogen loading. The kinetics of experimental hydride formation was compared to the diffusion-limited Mintz–Bloch model. While the Mintz–Bloch model showed good fit with the experimental loadings, the model overpredicted the loading kinetics starting at 250 °C and at higher temperatures. The overprediction was either caused by lithium hydride outgassing due to some reduction with some residual lithium hydroxide created from brief air exposure when sealing the lithium in the reactor or a transition from diffusion-limited hydride growth to surface or metal–hydride interface-limited hydride growth.