1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
2. MultiScale Materials Science for Energy and Environment (MSE2), The Joint CNRS/MIT/Aix-Marseille University Laboratory, UMI CNRS 3466, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
3. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
4. CINaM-Aix Marseille Universit-CNRS, Marseille, France
5. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada