COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab and cribriform fracture

Abstract

Since the start of the pandemic, over 400 million COVID-19 swab tests have been conducted in the UK with a non-trivial number associated with skull base injury. Given the continuing use of nasopharyngeal swabs, further cases of swab-associated skull base injury are anticipated. We describe a 54-year-old woman presenting with persistent colourless nasal discharge for 2 weeks following a traumatic COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab. A β2-transferrin test confirmed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea and a high-resolution sinus computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a cribriform plate defect. Magnetic resonance imaging showed radiological features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): a Yuh grade V empty sella and thinned anterior skull base. Twenty-four hour intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring confirmed raised pressures, prompting insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The patient underwent CT cisternography and endoscopic transnasal repair of the skull base defect using a fluorescein adjuvant, without complications. A systematic search was performed to identify cases of COVID-19 swab-related injury. Eight cases were obtained, of which three presented with a history of IIH. Two cases were complicated by meningitis and were managed conservatively, whereas six required endoscopic skull base repair and one had a ventriculoperitoneal shunt inserted. A low threshold for high-resolution CT scanning is suggested for patients presenting with rhinorrhoea following a nasopharyngeal swab. The literature review suggests an underlying association between IIH, CSF rhinorrhoea and swab-related skull base injury. We highlight a comprehensive management pathway for these patients, including high-resolution CT with cisternography, ICP monitoring, shunt and fluorescein-based endoscopic repair to achieve the best standard of care.