Diabetes mellitus as a result of neuroimmunoendocrine disorders

Abstract

The review article presents an analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature devoted to the study of neuroimmune disorders leading to the development of diabetes mellitus. It has been established that the nervous, immune and endocrine systems act as a regulatory triad that maintains the constancy of the organism and dysfunctional changes in one of the systems, lead to changes in others, which is accompanied by the launch of various pathological processes. The unity of the regulatory triad is explained by the structural and functional features of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, the dysregulation of which can act as a triggering mechanism for the development of both nervous and endocrine and immune pathologies, while the initial link in the pathology of each system can be dysregulation disorders in other integrative systems. Thus, disturbances in the melanocortin and dopamine signaling systems, as well as immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, can lead to diabetes. The cause of the development of diabetes mellitus is also considered an immune pathology, accompanied by a violation of cytokine regulation, namely the predominance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, etc. In turn, diabetes mellitus can cause disorders from the nervous (neuropathy), immune (decreased body resistance), blood circulation (angiopathy), as well as other body systems. Based on the data of the World Health Organization about an excessively high increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus, the aggravating development of comorbid pathologies, as a result of leading to disability of the population, a detailed study of the mechanisms of the development of this disease is necessary in order to further search for new means of correcting pathological conditions.