Effect of Rutin on the Behavioural, Biochemical and Liver Morphological Changes in Danio Rerio Exposed to Reduced Graphene Oxide (Rgo) Nanoparticles

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a carbon nanomaterial with unique characteristics that permit application in numerous fields. Rutin is a flavonoid with a variety of biological functions and pharmaceutical applications. In topical years, a handful of research has stated on the environmental impacts of carbon nanoparticles (NPs) and the consequences of reduced graphene oxide on the species that live in water bodies. However, the capacity to recuperate after exposure is still mostly unfamiliar. This study analyzed the protective effect of rutin against rGO NPs in zebrafish and the optimal dose required to inverse the impairment caused by rGO NPs exposure in zebrafish. In this study, fish were treated for 14 days and 8 study groups were examined: control, rGO exposure alone (10 mg/L), rutin exposure alone (50, 100 and 200 mg/L) and rGO combined with 3 distinct rutin doses (10 mg/L of rGO + rutin 50, 100, and 200 mg/L). In the zebrafish gill tissues, rGO impairs cells by increasing LPO levels and inducing oxidative stress by suppressing antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, GR, GST, and vitamin C). Multiple alterations, including sinusoidal and venous congestion, vacuole formation or cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes, an enlarged hepatic plate gap, and necrosis, were revealed on the structural examination of liver tissues. Based on our results, we conclude that sub-lethal doses of rGO (10 mg/L) could be harmful to zebrafish. Rutin supplementation between 100 and 200 mg/L can protect against the toxic effects of rGO, even though rGO is detrimental to the exposed fish population.