A Synopsis of the Causes, Hypotheses, Progression, and Genes Associated with Breast Cancer

Abstract

Cancers are widespread among women, and breast cancer is considered one of the deadliest cancers among women. Due to early detection of breast cancer and appropriate treatment, the recovery rate among women increases, reaching 80% in developed countries. There are various genes linked to breast cancer as well as cancer stem cells. Genetic and epigenetic changes that result in abnormal gene function are involved in breast cancer. The genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2. They are tumour suppressor genes because they play a role in DNA repair procedures. Furthermore, different malignancies exhibit dysregulation of the MYC oncogene family, which is typically associated with a bad prognosis for tumours. HER receptors are found in many tissues of epithelial, mesenchymal, and neuronal origin, where they control a variety of vital processes such as cell migration, programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell differentiation, and abnormal cell growth. Our understanding of the mechanisms that give birth to breast cancer has been significantly impacted by recent advances in genomics research. This understanding has in turn prompted the development of novel diagnostic and treatment techniques. This review will focus on the concept of breast cancer and related genes.