Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of 5-Carbonitrile-Functionalized tetrahydropyrimidine Derivatives with Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

The green synthesis approach employs ultrasound waves as an effective and environmentally friendly strategy to catalyze chemical reactions. Within this framework, carbonitrile-bearing tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives were successfully synthesized. This involved the reaction of malononitrile, urea or thiourea, and variously substituted aldehydes in the presence of morpholine as a catalyst, conducted in aqueous conditions under ultrasonic irradiation. Notably, this method resulted in elevated reaction yields and significantly reduced reaction times when compared to conventional approaches. The synthesized compounds underwent comprehensive characterization using various spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. This innovative process aligns with the principles of green chemistry, emphasizing efficiency, sustainability, and the reduction of environmental impact in chemical synthesis.