Alzheimer’s Pathogenesis and Treatment by Transcranial Pulse Stimulation

Abstract

The article discusses the use of transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS), a treatment method that uses ultrasound to penetrate the brain up to 8 cm. The article aims to review published studies on the effects of TPS on Alzheimer’s disease and to link the mechanism of the treatment with the pathophysiology of the disease. The discussion highlights the pathological triad of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and granular degeneration that causes Alzheimer’s disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus are predisposed to degenerative diseases, and the overlap between Alzheimer’s disease and obesity may be explained by the use of streptozotocin, which generates reactive oxygen species leading to DNA damage and cell death. The accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brain, mitochondrial malfunction, decreased production of ATP, and energy insufficiency is also discussed. The article concludes that TPS is a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and that it can boost the expression of growth factors, enhance the flow of blood to the brain, trigger the creation of novel blood vessels, and promote the regeneration of nerves.