Diurnal Cortisol Slope and Nighttime Blood Pressure: A Study in European Americans and African Americans

Abstract

Objectives: African Americans (AAs) have higher nighttime blood pressure (BP) than European Americans (EAs). Stress has been suggested to play a role in this difference, but the mechanism is not well-understood. Flatter diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) is a well-known biological marker of stress. The objectives of this study were to: 1) examine ethnic differences in DCS; 2) evaluate the association between DCS and nighttime BP; and 3) determine the extent to which ethnic differences in nighttime BP can be explained by ethnic differences in DCS.Methods: A total of 510 participants (age range: 14-35 years; 49.6% AAs, 54.5% females) provided four salivary cortisol samples at bedtime, wakeup, 30-minutes post-wakeup, and 60-minutes post-wakeup. Additionally, participants wore an ambula­tory BP monitor for 24 hours. DCS was cal­culated as the average of the three morning samples minus the bedtime measurement.Results: After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and smoking, AAs had blunted DCS (P=.018) and higher nighttime systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) (Ps<.001) compared with EAs. The DCS was inversely related to nighttime SBP and this relation­ship did not depend on ethnicity. The ethnic difference of nighttime SBP was significantly attenuated upon addition of DCS to the model. Mediation test showed that 9.5% of ethnic difference in nighttime SBP could be explained by DCS (P=.039).Conclusion: This study confirms ethnic differences in DCS and nighttime BP and further demonstrates that the ethnic differ­ences in DCS can, at least partially, explain the ethnic differences found in night­time BP. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(4):481-488; doi:10.18865/ed.31.4.481