Obesity epidemic in India: intrauterine origins?

Abstract

The epidemic of ‘obesity’ in India is not appreciated because BMI underestimates the adiposity of Indians. Specific adiposity measurements are necessary for recognition of the adiposity of ‘thin’ Indians. The origin of this adiposity is only beginning to be understood. In addition to a possible genetic predisposition, intrauterine ‘programming’ might be responsible, although in the ‘thrifty phenotype’ hypothesis the adiposity of the ‘thin’ fetus has not been appreciated. Dutch men who faced ‘winter hunger’ during the first trimester of their in utero life have become more obese as adults. Low birth weight predicts central obesity in some studies, including studies in urban children. It has also been shown that small and thin Indian newborns (weight 2·7?kg and ponderal index 2·4?kg\m3) have poor muscle and visceral mass but higher adiposity for a given weight compared with white Caucasian babies. This body composition is influenced by maternal adiposity before pregnancy and by aspects of maternal nutritional intake and circulating nutrient concentrations during pregnancy. There are no strong paternal determinants of adiposity at birth. Adiposity may be an integral part of the orchestrated adjustments made to support ‘brain preservation’ during intrauterine growth, because brain tissue is predominantly fat. Increased nutrition in the face of a genetic predisposition or multigenerational undernutrition increases maternal insulin resistance in late pregnancy and promotes fetal adiposity even in absence of marked hyperglycaemia. Further research is necessary to define the role of specific nutrients and metabolites in the intrauterine processes promoting adiposity before maternal interventions to curtail the epidemic of obesity and diabetes are planned.