Abstract
This chapter reviews published scientific literature on the impacts of ecotourism on birds in an attempt to identify any general patterns and to illustrate the degree of variation. It draws on two previous reviews [See Journal of Environmental Management (1992) 36, 253-286 and Liddle, M.J. Recreation Ecology: the Ecological Impact of Outdoor Recreation. The Netherlands; 1997.] and on more recent and additional literature. This review attempts to include all outdoor recreation activities and associated human disturbances which are incorporated into ecotourism products, at least in some parts of the world.