AbstractThe chapter provides: (1) an overview of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs); (2) summarizes what a decade of experience has shown and identifies a set of assumptions that underline many ICDPs and other efforts to conserve biodiversity; (3) summarizes findings from an article 'Parks in Peril: People, Politics and Protected Areas' that have implications for agricultural intensification efforts; (4) outlines future directions for agricultural intensification efforts that can promote biodiversity conservation.