Intestinal absorption of β-carotene, lycopene and lutein in men and women following a standard meal: response curves in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction

Abstract

A high intake of fruit and vegetables is believed to be protective against heart disease and cancer. β-Carotene has been closely examined for evidence of these protective properties but evidence is still conflicting and there are many other carotenoids in plant foods which deserve attention. This paper reports studies on the concentrations of lutein and lycopene in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction of plasma in comparison with β-carotene following a large dose of the respective carotenoids fed with a standard meal after an overnight fast. β-Carotene (40 mg) was given to twelve volunteers (six men and six women) and six of the same volunteers (three men and three women) also received 31·2mg lutein or 38 mg lycopene. Plasma was collected at hourly intervals for 8 h and the TRL fraction was separated and subsequently analysed for the respective carotenoids and retinyl palmitate in the case of β-carotene. Intestinal uptake of the three carotenoids was estimated using the ‘area under the curve’ method and apparent absorption was calculated from these results. The response curves in the TRL fraction for β-carotene and retinyl palmitate occurred maximally over the fourth to fifth hour postprandially. There was a correlation between the TRL concentrations of β-carotene and retinyl palmitate (malesr0·62,P< 0·001; femalesr0·52,P< 0·001) and there was no significant difference between men and women either in the total amount of β-carotene appearing in the TRL fraction or in the amount converted to retinol. On estimation, approximately l·4 mg of the 40 mg β-carotene dose was absorbed and this was not significantly different from the amount of lycopene (l·0 mg) but significantly different (P< 0·05) from the amount of lutein (0·8 mg) absorbed, after correction for the smaller doses administered. There was approximately a twofold difference between subjects in the uptake of β-carotene into the TRL fraction, a two- to threefold variation in lycopene and a two- to threefold variation in lutein. Despite these inter-subject differences, in three volunteers between whom there was a threefold difference in β-carotene in the TRL fraction and a twofold difference in retinol formation, repeat experiments with β-carotene 4 months later found differences of only 3–6 % in the TRL β-carotene content and 4–9% for the TRL retinol formed. In conclusion, large inter-subject variation in TRL carotene uptake precluded any differences between sexes but surprising intra-subject consistency was observed in TRL β-carotene uptake of three subjects.