Biological and cultural management.

Abstract

This chapter covers the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) using predators, nematophagous fungi, endophytic fungi and bacteria; application of biological control agents (selection of biological control agents and isolates, and inoculum production and formulation); integration of biological control with other control measures (crop rotation, soil disinfestation, soil amendments and green manures); cultural management of PPN through the use of nematode-free planting materials, nursery management, sanitation and physical soil treatments (dry heat, steam, solar heat and flooding), biologically based practices (cultivation practice, trap cropping, antagonistic plants, cover crops and fallow), amendments (organic matter and non-organic materials), adoption of appropriate planting date, and other control practices.