Abstract
This chapter examines the existing interactions between cereal cropping systems and pastoral areas, as the base for sustainable agriculture development in Mediterranean countries. It covers the importance and role of fallow lands in cereal-livestock integration, the importance of grasslands for development of livestock systems and environmental conservation, the importance of marginal land and forest pasture in providing support services to livestock husbandry, and the diversity of land use and complementarities between regions for livestock feeding. Ways to reconcile delivery of ecosystems services to farmers and herders with biodiversity conservation, for a better integration of agriculture and livestock in the region, are also proposed.