Modeling the Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Apple Cider Using Probability Distribution Functions for Quantitative Risk Assessment

Abstract

Outbreaks of foodborne illness from apple cider have prompted research on the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in this food. Published results vary widely, potentially due to differences in E. coli O157:H7 strains, enumeration media, and other experimental considerations. We developed probability distribution functions for the change in concentration of E. coli O157:H7 (log CFU/day) in cider using data from scientific publications for use in a quantitative risk assessment. Six storage conditions (refrigeration [4 to 5°C]; temperature abuse [6 to 10°C]; room temperature [20 to 25°C]; refrigerated with 0.1% sodium benzoate, 0.1% potassium sorbate, or both) were modeled. E. coli survival rate data for all three unpreserved cider storage conditions were highly peaked, and these data were fit to logistic distributions: ideal refrigeration, logistic (−0.061, 0.13); temperature abuse, logistic (−0.0982, 0.23); room temperature, logistic (−0.1, 0.29) and uniform (−4.3, −1.8), to model the very small chance of extremely high log CFU reductions. There were fewer published studies on refrigerated, preserved cider, and these smaller data sets were modeled with beta (4.27, 2.37) × 2.2 − 1.6, normal (−0.2, 0.13), and gamma (1.45, 0.6) distributions, respectively. Simulations were run to show the effect of storage on E. coli O157:H7 during the shelf life of apple cider. Under every storage condition, with and without preservatives, there was an overall decline in E. coli O157:H7 populations in cider, although a small fraction of the time a slight increase was seen.