OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis

Author:

DellaGiustina Daniella N.ORCID,Nolan Michael C.ORCID,Polit Anjani T.ORCID,Moreau Michael C.ORCID,Golish Dathon R.ORCID,Simon Amy A.ORCID,Adam Coralie D.ORCID,Antreasian Peter G.ORCID,Ballouz Ronald-LouisORCID,Barnouin Olivier S.ORCID,Becker Kris J.ORCID,Bennett Carina A.ORCID,Binzel Richard P.ORCID,Bos Brent J.ORCID,Burns Richard,Castro Nayessda,Chesley Steven R.ORCID,Christensen Philip R.ORCID,Crombie M. KatherineORCID,Daly Michael G.ORCID,Daly R. TerikORCID,Enos Heather L.ORCID,Farnocchia DavideORCID,Freund Kasper SandraORCID,Garcia Rose,Getzandanner Kenneth M.ORCID,Guzewich Scott D.ORCID,Haberle Christopher W.ORCID,Haltigin TimothyORCID,Hamilton Victoria E.ORCID,Harshman Karl,Hatten NobleORCID,Hughes Kyle M.,Jawin Erica R.ORCID,Kaplan Hannah H.ORCID,Lauretta Dante S.ORCID,Leonard Jason M.ORCID,Levine Andrew H.,Liounis Andrew J.ORCID,May Christian W.,Mayorga Laura C.ORCID,Nguyen LillianORCID,Quick Lynnae C.ORCID,Reuter Dennis C.,Rivera-Valentín EdgardORCID,Rizk BasharORCID,Roper Heather L.ORCID,Ryan Andrew J.ORCID,Sutter Brian,Westermann Mathilde M.ORCID,Wibben Daniel R.,Williams Bobby G.ORCID,Williams Kenneth,Wolner C. W. V.ORCID

Abstract

Abstract The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft mission characterized and collected a sample from asteroid (101955) Bennu. After the OSIRIS-REx Sample Return Capsule released to Earth’s surface in 2023 September, the spacecraft diverted into a new orbit that encounters asteroid (99942) Apophis in 2029, enabling a second mission with the same unique capabilities: OSIRIS–Apophis Explorer (APEX). On 2029 April 13, the 340 m diameter Apophis will draw within ∼32,000 km of Earth’s surface, less than 1/10 the lunar distance. Apophis will be the largest object to approach Earth this closely in recorded history. This rare planetary encounter will alter Apophis’s orbit, will subject it to tidal forces that change its spin state, and may seismically disturb its surface. APEX will distantly observe Apophis during the Earth encounter and capture its evolution in real time, revealing the consequences of an asteroid undergoing tidal disturbance by a major planet. Beginning in 2029 July, the spacecraft’s instrument suite will begin providing high-resolution data of this “stony” asteroid—advancing knowledge of these objects and their connection to meteorites. Near the mission’s end, APEX will use its thrusters to excavate regolith, a technique demonstrated at Bennu. Observations before, during, and after excavation will provide insight into the subsurface and material properties of stony asteroids. Furthermore, Apophis’s material and structure have critical implications for planetary defense.

Funder

NASA ∣ Science Mission Directorate

NASA ∣ Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Publisher

American Astronomical Society

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous),Geophysics,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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