The Occurrence Rate of Terrestrial Planets Orbiting Nearby Mid-to-late M Dwarfs from TESS Sectors 1–42

Abstract

Abstract We present an analysis of a volume-complete sample of 363 mid-to-late M dwarfs within 15 pc of the Sun with masses between 0.1 and 0.3 M ⊙ observed by TESS within sectors 1–42. The median stellar mass of the sample is 0.17 M ⊙. We search the TESS light curves for transiting planets with orbital periods below 7 days and recover all six known planets within the sample, as well as a likely planet candidate orbiting LHS 475. Each of these planets is consistent with a terrestrial composition, with planet radii between 0.91 and 1.31 R ⊕. We characterize the transit detection sensitivity for each star as a function of planet radius, insolation, and orbital period. We obtain a cumulative occurrence rate of 0.61 − 0.19 + 0.24 terrestrial planets per star with radii above 0.5 R ⊕ and orbital periods between 0.4 and 7 days. We find that for comparable insolations, planets larger than 1.5 R ⊕ (sub-Neptunes) are significantly less abundant around mid-to-late M dwarfs compared to earlier-type stars, while the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets is comparable to that of more massive M dwarfs. We estimate that overall, terrestrials outnumber sub-Neptunes around mid-to-late M dwarfs by 14 to 1, in contrast to GK dwarfs, where they are roughly equinumerous. We place a 1σ upper limit of 0.07 planets larger than 1.5 R ⊕ per star within the orbital period range of 0.5–7 days. We find evidence for a downturn in occurrence rates for planet radii below 0.9 R ⊕, suggesting that Earth-sized and larger terrestrials may be more common around mid-to-late M dwarfs.