Weather on Other Worlds. V. The Three Most Rapidly Rotating Ultra-cool Dwarfs

Abstract

Abstract We present the discovery of rapid photometric variability in three ultra-cool dwarfs from long-duration monitoring with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The T7, L3.5, and L8 dwarfs have the shortest photometric periods known to date: hr, hr, and hr, respectively. We confirm the rapid rotation through moderate-resolution infrared spectroscopy, which reveals projected rotational velocities between 79 and 104 km s−1. We compare the near-infrared spectra to photospheric models to determine the objects’ fundamental parameters and radial velocities. We find that the equatorial rotational velocities for all three objects are ≳100 km s−1. The three L and T dwarfs reported here are the most rapidly spinning and likely the most oblate field ultra-cool dwarfs known to date. Correspondingly, all three are excellent candidates for seeking auroral radio emission and net optical/infrared polarization. As of this writing, 78 L-, T-, and Y-dwarf rotation periods have now been measured. The clustering of the shortest rotation periods near 1 hr suggests that brown dwarfs are unlikely to spin much faster.