On the Hadronic Origin of High-energy Emission of γ-Ray-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 PKS 1502+036

Abstract

Abstract The radiation mechanism of Radio-Loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (RL-NLS1) galaxies from X-ray to γ-ray bands remains an open question. While the leptonic model has been employed to explain the spectral energy distribution (SED), the hadronic process may potentially account for the high-energy radiation of some γ-ray-loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies as well. We study one of such RL-NLS1s, PKS 1502+036, comparing the theoretical SEDs predicted by the leptonic model and the lepto-hadronic model to the observed one. For the hadronic processes, we take into account the proton synchrotron radiation and proton–photon interactions (including the Bethe–Heitler process and the photopion process) including the emission of pairs generated in the electromagnetic cascade initiated by these processes. Our results show that the leptonic model can reproduce the SED of this source, in which the X-ray to γ-ray radiation can be interpreted as the inverse Compton scattering. On the other hand, the proton synchrotron radiation can also explain the high-energy component of SED although extreme parameters are needed. We also demonstrate that the p γ interactions as well as the cascade process cannot explain SED. Our results imply that a leptonic origin is favored for the multiwavelength emission of PKS 1502+036.