The Spectral Evolution Patterns and Implications of Gamma-Ray Burst X-Ray Flares

Abstract

Abstract We present a time-resolved spectral analysis of bright X-ray flares observed by Swift X-ray telescope from 2004 December to 2021 December. We selected 58 bright flares from 56 gamma-ray burst X-ray afterglows to perform time-resolved spectral analysis. We find that there is a strong spectral evolution in X-ray flares. Spectral evolution exists in all the X-ray flares. We have not found flares without spectral evolutions in our samples. The spectrum of an X-ray afterglow is dominated by the flare when it exists. Four spectral evolution patterns were found, i.e., hard-to-soft, intensity tracking, soft-to-hard, and anti-intensity tracking. Most of the flares (46 flares, 79.3%) show a spectral evolution from hard to soft. Five (8.6%) flares are intensity tracking. Two (3.5%) flares show soft-to-hard. Five (8.6%) flares show anti-intensity tracking. Therefore, hard-to-soft spectral evolution patterns dominate the spectral evolutions of X-ray flares. In other words, the hard-to-soft spectral evolution pattern is the main evolution pattern of X-ray flares. Hard-to-soft, intensity tracking, and soft-to-hard spectral evolution patterns are the same as prompt emission spectral evolutions, indicating that the origin of flares should be the same as prompt emissions and the flares are the lower energy band emissions of the prompt emissions. The spectral evolution intensities are independent of the peak time and FWHM of the flares. In other words, the spectral evolution intensity is irrelevant to the flare occurrence time and its duration but related to the peak fluxes of flares. This means that the more luminous the flares, the stronger the spectral evolutions.