The Pink Tax: Sex and Gender Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease

Author:

Martinez Andrea1ORCID,Huang Jingwen2ORCID,Harzand Arash3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA

2. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA

3. Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Cardiology Department, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA

Abstract

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease associated with significant functional impairment, morbidity, and mortality. Among women, PAD remains poorly recognized and undermanaged. Compared with men, women with PAD tend to be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, have poorer quality of life, and experience higher rates of PAD-related morbidity and cardiovascular mortality. In this review, we describe the sex- and gender-related differences in the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of PAD. We provide specific recommendations to overcome these factors, including greater awareness and an increased emphasis on tailored and more aggressive interventions for women with PAD. Such changes are warranted and necessary to achieve more equitable outcomes in women with PAD, including improved limb outcomes, enhanced lifestyle, and cardiovascular risk reduction.

Publisher

Radcliffe Media Media Ltd

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