Affiliation:
1. Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US
2. Division of Cardiology, Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, TX, US
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in women globally. Younger women (<55 years of age) who experience MI are less likely to receive guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), have a greater likelihood of readmission and have higher rates of mortality than similarly aged men. Women have been under-represented in CVD clinical trials, which limits the generalisability of results into practice. Available evidence indicates that women derive a similar benefit as men from secondary prevention pharmacological therapies, such as statins, ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, icosapent ethyl, antiplatelet therapy, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Women are less likely to be enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation programs than men. Mitigating risk and improving outcomes is dependent on proper identification of CVD in women, using appropriate GDMT and continuing to promote lifestyle modifications. Future research directed at advancing our understanding of CVD in women will allow us to further develop and tailor CVD guidelines appropriate by sex and to close the gap between diagnoses, treatment and mortality.
Subject
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Reference121 articles.
1. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021;143:e254–743. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000950; PMID: 33501848.
2. Khan SU, Yedlapati SH, Lone AN, et al. A comparative analysis of premature heart disease- and cancer-related mortality in women in the USA, 1999–2018. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa099; PMID: 33555018; epub ahead of press.
3. Curtin SC. Trends in cancer and heart disease death rates among adults aged 45–64: United States, 1999–2017. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2019;68:1–9. PMID: 32501204.
4. Arora S, Stouffer GA, Kucharska-Newton AM, et al. Twenty year trends and sex differences in young adults hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2019;139:1047–56. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037137; PMID: 30586725.
5. Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, et al. Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1999;341:226–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199907223410402; PMID: 10413734.
Cited by
11 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献