Pharmacotherapy for pulmonary embolism: new anticoagulants

Abstract

Background: Pulmonary embolism is associated with reduced survival and considerable economic burden worldwide. In Korea, the incidence of pulmonary embolism has been gradually increasing. Older individuals are at an increased risk for pulmonary embolism and anticoagulation-related bleeding events. Typically, heparin and vitamin K antagonists are employed to treat pulmonary embolism; however, these agents present numerous limitations. Hence, novel anticoagulants with improved safety and efficacy profiles are urgently needed.Current Concepts: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), including direct thrombin (coagulation factor II) inhibitors and selective inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa, have emerged as alternative agents. Phase III, large-scale clinical trials have revealed that DOACs are non-inferior to standard therapy during initial and long-term treatment of pulmonary embolism, considering the safety profile. Evidence-based clinical guidelines recommend that primary care clinicians employ DOACs over warfarin to achieve anticoagulation.Discussion and Conclusion: For over 70 years, the standard therapy for most patients with pulmonary embolism has involved heparin administration, overlapped and followed by a vitamin K antagonist. Recently developed DOACs against coagulation factor Xa or thrombin might overcome limitations of standard therapy, including the need for injection and regular dose adjustment with laboratory monitoring. These limitations hinder the management of patients with pulmonary embolism and negatively impact the patient’s quality of life. Four DOACs, including apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, are currently available for treating pulmonary embolism in Korea, which could simplify the therapeutic strategy.