Pathogenesis and prevention of skin aging

Abstract

Background: As global life expectancy increases, an interest in maintaining health and beauty in old age has increased. As a barrier organ, the skin is an ideal model for studying both genetically-programmed (intrinsic) and environmentallyinduced (extrinsic) aging.Current Concepts: Among the extrinsic aging factors, solar ultraviolet radiation is the most important, accounting for 80% of facial skin aging. Other nongenetic factors include air pollution, cigarette smoke, nutrition, temperature, sleep, and stress. Through complex interplay, genome, exposome and microbiome all contribute to skin aging. Intrinsic aging causes thinning of the skin and fine wrinkles, while extrinsic aging leads to thick rubbery skin texture, deep wrinkles and dyspigmentation in exposed areas. Fibroblast senescence is a fundamental mechanism of skin aging, with these cells persisting and exhibiting a senescence-associated secretory phenotype which secrets proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic low-level inflammation associated with aging, termed inflamm-aging, is exacerbated by oxidative damage caused by extrinsic factors.Discussion and Conclusion: Understanding the pathogenesis of skin aging may help in developing anti-aging strategies in general. In addition to applying sunscreen every morning and retinoic acid every night, taking antioxidant-rich foods and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are all important for preventing skin aging.