Comparative analysis of the structure of congenital malformations in newborns

Abstract

Objective. To conduct an analytical assessment of the pattern of congenital malformations in newborns born in 2017 and 2021 in a hospital-based healthcare organization, taking into account the anamnesis of mothers as a possible cause of the formation of a malformation in the fetus.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 90 developmental histories of newborns delivered between January and December 2017 (first group) and 100 histories of newborns born between January and December 2021 (second group) in the maternity hospital of the Gomel Regional Clinical Hospital was conducted.Results. The leading place among congenital malformations (CM) in the studied two groups is occupied by congenital heart defects (CHD) and defects of the urinary system. In the group of newborns with CM delivered in 2017, boys (60%) prevailed, in 2021 — girls (58%). Mothers of the children from the first comparison group were more likely to live in cities (77.7%). When analyzing the extragenital pathology of mothers, data were obtained that the mothers of the children of the first study group most often suffered from cardiovascular, endocrine diseases, diseases of the urinary system. In mothers of the children of the second comparison group, concomitant chronic diseases came out on top. The structure of maternal diseases during pregnancy is diverse, but the only statistically significant indicator was COVID-19 infection, which affected the mothers during pregnancy in 2021. The data on the diagnosis of CM in the fetus by ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman are statistically insignificant, it is impossible to draw a conclusion about the improvement or deterioration of the quality of early diagnosis of CM. The percentage of diagnosis of CM prenatally in 2017 and 2021 was 33.3 and 40%, respectively.Among CHD in percentage, the leading place in both groups is occupied by a defect of the interventricular septum ― 67.7 and 51%. In the structure of defects of the urinary system, a statistically significant defect is kidney dystopia in 2021 (28%). When analyzing malformations of the musculoskeletal system, all indicators were statistically insignificant. Conclusion. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the stable leadership among the CM belongs to the CHD and the CM of the urinary system. The frequency of diagnosis of CM in the fetus by ultrasound examination of pregnant women remains at a fairly low level. Chronic diseases of mother, diseases of the cardiovascular system, endocrine and urinary system, COVID-19 suffered by mother during pregnancy may be a possible cause of the formation of CM in the fetus.